FAKE NEWS IN NIGERIA BY OKWARA, CASMIR UGOCHUKWU

 Introduction  

The emergency of the new media technologies which includes the different kinds of social media has brought about a significant change in our society today, where everyone can easily exchange their ideas, share their feelings and opinions without necessarily been together physically. These new media has helped in the dissemination of information in a higher speed rate order than the previously exiting mediums ( newspapers, radio and television). 

The spread of misinformation in these digitalized era has been a rampant issues overall the world and in Nigeria particularly. The emergency of these new media has paved way for easier spread or speculation of fake news in Nigeria which has a significant impact in shaping the opinions of the public and influencing decisions including political decisions. 

Nigeria, as a nation, has been making concerted efforts towards self-governance since the end of the colonial era. Like a toddler learning to walk, falls and rises, Nigeria has been falling and raising in this long walk. (Evaristus, 2021). This act of falling and rising has touched every aspect of it's governance including the publication of news. 

With the diversities in Nigeria and the numerous numbers of people in Nigeria, the proliferation of fake news in Nigeria has become more worrisome and threatening to the integrity of Nigeria’s democracy. Many fabricated information has been published about the government, institutions, organizations, churches and individuals and in some cases infringing the right of the citizens of Nigeria. Therefore in this context, we will be examining the impact of fake news in Nigeria and possible ways to combat this growing concern. 

Keywords: News, Fake news, media, new media and Nigeria 

News

News can be seen as the factual account of an event. It can come in two ways; hard news and soft news. Hard news which implies, the factual account of event. It could is ongoing or as it is happening. It is just like breaking news. While soft news can be seen as feature stories. Feature stories here does not mean it is been fabricated but it lacks that element of just happening or immediacy. It can come up as a story to illustrate an event and why the event took place. 

Asemah (2011) defines news as “the account of a timely and unusual event in the society” (p.135). This definition seems limiting because as observed by Fry (2017) the current digital environment as characterized by proliferating social media has changed the traditional notion of news as an account of an unusual event. McQuail (2011) sees news as “the main form in which current information about public events are carried by media of all kinds” (p.564). Although, it is obvious through the definitions given here that one of the distinctive features of news is currency, the latter definition captures the fact that news is information conveyed on different kinds of media. Suffice to say then that news is information about events that are currently happening or that have happened recently. It is any information that helps the comprehension of important happenings in society. Fry (2017) suggests that the traditional notion of news is doomed going by the impositions of new media technologies on the news processes, for example the collapse of gatekeepers, the blurring lines of distinction between news, advertisement and entertainment. 

The lack of gate keeping in the current news processes is what brings about fake news in Nigeria because there is no checkmentation of the contents being published especially in online or new media or social media platform. Keep in mind that the effectiveness of these acts of gate keeping is only effective in traditional media such as newspaper, radio and television. 

Fake news 

Fake news is one of the trending words not only in the field of journalism/communication, but across other professions. Nigeria, like every other countries of the world is suffering from the effects of fake news. Fake news does not only come in words alone but sometimes are accompanied by sounds, videos, graphics and pictures to make it more real and for people to believe in. 

The origin of fake can traced to as far back as the beginning of industrial. Standage (2017) believes that “fake news has been known since the earliest days of printing. In the 16th and 17th centuries, printers would crank out pamphlets, or news books, offering detailed accounts of monstrous beasts or unusual occurrences” 

Fake news is not a new phenomenon. It has been in existence for a very long time.  Notwithstanding, it has become more intense in recent times as a result of widespread internet use and low-cost access to social media channels, competitive politics and intensifying poverty, and ethno-religious rivalry.

Fake news is the deliberate fabrication of information to deceive people with the aim of misleading others into believing falsehood and doubting confirmable actualities (White 2017). According to McGonagle (2017), fake news is information that has been deliberately fabricated and disseminated with the intention to deceive and mislead others into believing falsehoods or doubting verifiable facts. 

In Nigeria, fake news be it intentionally or unintentionally sent out to the people is never a good news. For instance, in November 1989, the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) announced the death of the first Governor General and President of Nigeria, Dr Nnamdi Azikwe. By the next morning, the news was on the front pages of most of the country’s newspapers. It took two days before Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe cleared the air about the state of his health and informed the world that he was still alive and the false claim was relatively contained. Imagine waking up one morning and opening your WhatsApp handle and seeing a message that contains free 200 million free grant by the government and you keep sharing. The new media has been the major agents fueling the spread of fake news in Nigeria today due to it's rampent use in recent days as everyone is now a journalist. 

 The new media. 

The new media has a significant impact on our lives together as one can hardly do without them. It has transformed various aspects of our lives including in commerce, transport, medical centers, education and entertainment. 

Aduloju (2017) defines new media as "any form of media that came out towards the end of the 20th century or in 21st century. Specially, new media can be regarded as a 21st century catchall term used to describe all that is not connected to the internet and the interaction aimd technology, image, and sound" (P.100). According to her most of the technologies portrayed as new media are digital, frequently possessing features of being controlled, intense compactable, interactive and networkable. (Manovich, 2003 and Konieezy, 2009, as cited in Aduloju, 2017). 

Itsueli (2017) also defines new media as "an interactive, digital and time space independent communication medium that enables any kind of content sharing on cyberspace" (p.152). Linking this to the contest of this work, the digital and time space features of these new media has made it possible for one to share information at any time and any where. 

On his own, Egere (2019) sees the new media as an unending conversation on the Internet, with new conversations begining every time. This shows or indicates why the new media should not be underrated but paid more attention to. Therefore, in this contest, there is a great need to focus more on the new media because the skillful application and knowledge about the media and technological messages is very vital to enable individuals, government, organizations or churchs  know how to select relevant information in order not to mislead people.. 

These new media is mostly found among the younger people of today who uses it to pass across I formation. Just as Ojemen (2019) notes that the acquisition and use of new media are too readily found among younger generation, who easily uses it as a means of reaching out to, to form new friends and search for new ideals. 

Nigeria 

Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa and has been a home to many indigenous people since their amalgamation in 1914 by the British colonial masters. Although they become an independent country in 1960 and fully in 1963. Nigeria is a multinational state that has over 250 ethnic groups with the major ethnic groups been igbo, hause and yourba. Nigeria has been experiencing a whole lots of ups and downs, just as Evaristus (2021) sees Nigeria as a to toddler learning to walk, falls and rises. He further stated that " Nigeria has been falling and raising in this long walk towards self-governance as a sovereign nation. But oftentimes, she falls and remains fallen instead of raising" (p.1). 

Nigeria practices democracy has a form of government. The term democracy is taken from two Greek origins: demos which means ordinary people; and kratos which means rule; thus, when used together demos-kratos means "the rule of the common people" (Evaristus,2021). 

 In order words, democracy implies the government of the people, by the people and for the people. But we are truly practicing democracy? Nigeria practice of democracy has put forth strength to the media carry out their job of covering and checkmating the different arms of government. And the media also to stand alone with out been influenced. These act of the media to serve as a watchdog to the government and a mediator between the government and the people has made it possible for them to be seen and describe as tge fourth estate of the realm.

  The media been the agents of news some times are been influenced in their job of giving out accurate information to the public making the news to be fake but appearing real.

Causes of fake News in Nigeria 

Reasons attributed for the proliferation of fake news in Nigeria are numerous but few will be mentioned and briefly discussed here 

Information overload: information overload is of the cause of fake news in Nigeria today. For instance, when you wake up in the morning, open all your social media handle, you will get over a thousands of messages to read and reply to. News is as well published on a daily basis in the major news mediums such as the newspaper, radio and television. All these leave one in a state of confusion where he or she finds it difficult to know and differentiate between fake news and real news.  This is why Rose & Kiss (2007) observes the blurring of news, entertainment and politics and submits that “the problem is not that we need greater access to information but arguably that we have access to much information” (p.605). This information overload is basically found more on the social media.

Non professional service: most of the fake news been published as been published by those who are not professional journalist, example the citizen journalists. They don't know the ethics of news publication, the just capture the moment and send out to the public without verification or consultation. Their major aim is to be the first to publish the most or recently happening. And this is a very big problem that the social media and other new media has made possible because with ones phone or gadget and Internet connection, you can spread the message across the country. This act has been putting Nigeria citizens in pains, distress and in an uncomfortable situation. For example, imagine been at the market and you open your social media just to see a blog or website post on the demise of your loved ones just like that. How would you feel?. Also, Riley (2017), has observed this in her work, where she stated that "the complacency of genuine communication professionals has led to the proliferation of “lies and garbage” (p.16). 

Low level of media trust: Nigeria citizens have a very low trust in the publications of the major news media such as newspapers, radio and television. They hardly believe in what these mediums publish rather they hope on getting legit information from the bloggers who do not know the ethics of news. 

Government interference/Economy: economy is one of the greatest factors the brings about fake news publication. The governments overseeing and controlling the media in Nigeria is a very big problem in publishing the factual account of an event. It is popularly said that who pays the piper detects the tune. Therefore the government funding these media house makes impossible for these media houses to publish ill facts about the government because they depend on the government for survival of their stations. 

Non gate keeping policy: this is more on the aspect of social media and other websites. There is no process of checkmentation of the contents they post and no rules or guidelines are given to them and this has been a problem and lead to the proliferation of fake news in Nigeria. 

Keep in mind that the advent digitalization has both positive and negative impact on news publication on Nigeria system. 

Conclusion 

The menace of fake news is contributing to the escalation of the security woes to our beloved country Nigeria. Fake news has lead to various problems in Nigeria today such as hatred, ethno-religious conflicts, political violence, leadership mistrust, economic instability, inter-tribal anxiety, character assassination and many other cases which has been a threat to the development of Nigeria.

The spread of fake news in Nigeria which was given impetus by the emergency and dominance of internet and social media has indeed changed the mindset of many Nigerians.  But it's negative implications can be controlled and manage to a certain point or level. 

Recommendations

Fake news in Nigeria has been a long worrisome discussion among the citizens of Nigeria. To eliminate or eradicate fake news totally will be very difficult if at all it would be possible at all. But it can be reduced and managed to some extent. Therefore I recommend the following; 

1. People should be educated by the government and as well non governmental organizations through various medium on media literacy in order to help them differentiate between fake news and real news. The knowledge of media will enable them to filters what the take in as news and as well give out as news because as a media literate you have to be a prosumer. This implies that you should have the ability to create messages and read or recieve  messages not only passive or been at the receiving end, you have to proactive. . 

2. The government should find a possible means to ensure that gatekeeping process or possible ways of monitoring and regulating the contents that are been published in different social media platforms. 

3. Press freedom should be encourage. This will enable the media houses to act on their own and control their affairs without governmental or external force. This will help in reducing rate of fake news in Nigeria.

Reference 

Asemah, E. (2011). Selected mass media themes. Jos: University Press.BBC.com (2018, June 

29). Fake news and Nigeria's herder crisis. Retrieved from:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44655148

Egere, I.K. (2019). Rethinking youth ministry through witness and microblogging in Africa. In 

I.K. Egere & J.O. Faniran (Eds.). Pastoral communication: youth apostolate in new media age. 68-88. Ciwa publications. 

Evaristus, C.N. (2021). Democratic dictatorship and press freedom in Nigeria. In West Africa 

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences (2). 1-21. Ciwa publications. 

Fry, K.G. (2017). What do we mean by Fake? What do we mean by news? In: Fake New, 

Spectral, the magazine of the National Communication Association,  53 (4). 8-12.

Itsueti, B. (2017). Theology, Catechesis and the new media in Africa today. In Bala & C. Ebebe 

(eds.) theology Catechesis and the new media in Africa today. 149-158. Ciwa Publications. 

McGonagle, T. (2017). “Fake News: false fears or real concerns? Netherlands Quarterly of 

Human Rights. 35(4), 203 – 209. Available at www.journals.sagepub.com. Accessed 25/6/2019.

McQuail, D. (2011). Mass communication: An introduction (6). Sage Publications

Ojemen, C. (2019). New social media as instrument of sustainable and holistic catechetical 

formation of Catholic youth: a study in the light of canon 779. In I.K. Egere & J.O. Faniran (eds.). Pastoral communication: youth apostolate in new media age. 86-108. Ciwa Publications. 

Riley, R. (2017). If it's fake, it's not news. ake News, Spectral the magazine of the National 

Communication Association, 53 (4). 14-17.

Rose, J. & Kiss, S. (2007). Boundaries blurred: The mass media and politics in a hyper-media 

age. In B. E. B'beri, P.C. Belanger, M. Eid, M. Lowes, & E. Potter (eds.). Introduction to media studies: A reader. 605-617. Oxford University Press.

Standage, T. (2017). The true history of fake news. The Economist. Available on 

https://www.1843magazine.com. Accessed 26/6/2019.

THE "SEQUENCE" VENI SANCTE SPIRITUS by Igwebudu Francisca Onyinye

 Introduction 

 The sequence, "Veni Sancte Spiritus," holds a profound significance within the Christian tradition, particularly during the Pentecost celebration. As we gather here today, we invoke the Holy Spirit, the source of wisdom, guidance, and divine inspiration.

In this sequence, we acknowledge the Holy Spirit as the Comforter, the One who brings solace amidst trials and tribulations. We call upon the Spirit to fill our hearts with love, to kindle within us the fire of divine passion, and to renew the face of the earth with its transformative power.

As we reflect on the words of "Veni Sancte Spiritus," let us open ourselves to receive the gifts of the Spirit – wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord. These gifts enable us to discern the path of righteousness and to live lives of holiness and service.

In a world marked by uncertainty and unrest, the sequence reminds us of the abiding presence of the Holy Spirit, who empowers us to be agents of peace, reconciliation, and healing. It calls us to be instruments of justice and mercy, to stand in solidarity with the marginalized, and to strive for the establishment of God's kingdom on earth.

As we sing or recite "Veni Sancte Spiritus" today, let us do so with hearts filled with faith and expectation, knowing that the Spirit of God is with us, guiding us, and empowering us to be faithful disciples in the world. May the words of this sequence inspire us to live lives that bear witness to the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, now and always. Amen.

"The Sequence" represents a cherished component of Christian worship, particularly during significant feasts and celebrations.

Understanding the Sequence.

Definition: The sequence is a type of hymn or chant that is sung or recited during specific liturgical moments, often following the Alleluia before the Gospel reading.

Origins: It traces its roots back to medieval times, evolving from the earlier form of the trope, which embellished existing chants.

Purpose: The sequence serves to amplify the theme or significance of the liturgical occasion, offering a reflective or celebratory interlude before the Gospel proclamation.Exploring "Veni Sancte Spiritus" as a Paradigm:

Historical Context: "Veni Sancte Spiritus" stands as one of the most revered sequences, traditionally sung during Pentecost.

Meaningful Invocation: Translating to "Come, Holy Spirit," it embodies a fervent plea for the presence and guidance of the Holy Spirit.

Theological Depth: Its verses encapsulate the yearning for divine wisdom, fortitude, and sanctification, resonating with believers across generations.

Significance and Impact:

Spiritual Connection: The sequence serves as a bridge between the liturgy and the faithful, fostering a deeper spiritual connection.

Educational Tool: Through its poetic language and theological richness, the sequence educates believers about key aspects of Christian doctrine and tradition.

Cultural Heritage: Sequences like "Veni Sancte Spiritus" contribute to the rich tapestry of Christian musical and liturgical heritage, transcending time and culture.

Contemporary Relevance and Application:

Adaptation: While rooted in tradition, sequences can be adapted to resonate with contemporary worship styles and sensibilities.

Inclusivity: Sequences offer a space for diverse expressions of faith, inviting congregants of all backgrounds to participate in the worship experience.

Nurturing Spirituality: Through the emotive power of music and prayer, sequences nurture spiritual growth and intimacy with the Divine.

The term "sequence" isn't explicitly mentioned in the Bible in the context of a hymn or liturgical chant. However, there are several verses that emphasize the importance of praise, worship, and prayer, which are central elements of sequences in Christian liturgy. Here are a few relevant Bible quotations:

Psalm 150:6 (NIV): "Let everything that has breath praise the Lord. Praise the Lord."

This verse underscores the universal call to praise God, which is often expressed through hymns and sequences in Christian worship.

Ephesians 5:19-20 (NIV): "Speak to one another with psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs. Sing and make music in your heart to the Lord, always giving thanks to God the Father for everything, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ."

Here, the apostle Paul encourages believers to express their worship through singing, including the use of psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs.

Colossians 3:16 (NIV): "Let the message of Christ dwell among you richly as you teach and admonish one another with all wisdom through psalms, hymns, and songs from the Spirit, singing to God with gratitude in your hearts."

Similar to Ephesians, Paul emphasizes the importance of singing as a means of expressing gratitude to God and encouraging one another in the faith.

While these verses don't specifically mention "sequence," they highlight the biblical precedent for praising God through song and worship, which aligns with the essence of sequences in Christian liturgy

It's a beautiful hymn invoking the Holy Spirit's presence and guidance.

Certainly! Here's the full text of the "Veni, Sancte Spiritus" in Latin:

Veni, Sancte Spiritus,

et emitte caelitus

lucis tuae radium.

Veni, pater pauperum,

veni, dator munerum,

veni, lumen cordium.

Consolator optime,

dulcis hospes animae,

dulce refrigerium.

In labore requies,

in aestu temperies,

in fletu solatium.

O lux beatissima,

reple cordis intima

tuorum fidelium.

Sine tuo numine,

nihil est in homine,

nihil est innoxium.

Lava quod est sordidum,

riga quod est aridum,

sana quod est saucium.

Flecte quod est rigidum,

fove quod est frigidum,

rege quod est devium.

Da tuis fidelibus,

in te confidentibus,

sacrum septenarium.

Da virtutis meritum,

da salutis exitum,

da perenne gaudium.

Amen. Alleluia.

Certainly! Here's the English translation of the "Veni, Sancte Spiritus":

Come, Holy Spirit,

and send forth from heaven

the ray of your light.

Come, Father of the poor,

come, giver of gifts,

come, light of hearts.

Best comforter,

sweet guest of the soul,

sweet refreshment.

In labor, rest,

in heat, temperance,

in tears, solace.

O most blessed light,

fill the inmost heart

of your faithful.

Without your divine power,

nothing is in man,

nothing is harmless.

Cleanse what is unclean,

water what is dry,

heal what is wounded.

Bend what is rigid,

warm what is cold,

straighten what is crooked.

Give to your faithful,

who trust in you,

the sacred sevenfold gifts.

Grant the reward of virtue,

grant the outcome of salvation,

grant eternal joy.

Amen. Alleluia.

IN CONCLUSION.

The "sequence" stands as a sacred bridge between the liturgical and the personal, inviting believers to immerse themselves In the beauty and depths of Christian worship

As we continue to delve into the treasures of Christian tradition, may we find renewed inspiration and spiritual enrichment through the timeless melodies and profound messages of "The S

equence." Thank you.

Q&A Session: Now, I welcome any questions or reflections you may have on this topic.

COMMISSIONED: TO THE ENDS OF THE EARTH | By Sr. Theresa Ujunwa Nwali (SJGS)

Introduction:

The concept of being "commissioned to the ends of the earth" is deeply rooted in the teachings of Christianity, particularly in the Catholic tradition. This divine commission, given by Jesus Christ to his disciples, calls upon believers to spread the Gospel message to all nations and to engage in the work of evangelization. In this reflection, we will explore the theological significance and practical implications of this commission, delving into scriptural foundations, historical context, and the ongoing mission of the Church today. The biblical foundation is to help us know the solidity of our reflection, historical context aid in maintaining the tradition of handed to our fathers and to us as well. The ongoing mission throws is light on the continuity of messiahs work. 

1. BIBLICAL FOUNDATIONS:

The primary scriptural reference for the commission to the ends of the earth can be found in Matthew's Gospel (Matthew 28:19-20): "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you." This Great Commission is seen as Jesus' final instruction to his apostles before ascending into heaven. This mandate, often referred to as the Great Commission, is a call to action for all followers of Jesus Christ. It is a command to go out into the world and share the Good News of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. The mission mandate is threefold: to go, to make disciples, and to teach.

1.  THE COMMAND TO GO: implies a sense of urgency and movement. Jesus is not calling his disciples to stay in one place, but to move out into the world, crossing cultural and geographical boundaries to share the Gospel. This going is not limited to physical movement, but also includes spiritual and social movement, as disciples are called to engage with their communities and share the love of Christ.

2.   THE COMMAND TO MAKE DISCIPLES: implies a process of transformation andgrowth. Discipleship is not simply about converting people to Christianity, but about helping them grow in their faith and become more like Jesus. This involves teaching, mentoring, and guiding people as they learn to follow Jesus and live out their faith in everyday life.

1.3  THE COMMAND TO TEACH: implies a responsibility to pass on the teachings of Jesus and help new disciples understand the principles of Christian living. This teaching is not limited to doctrine and theology, but also includes practical instruction on how to live a life of love, compassion, and service.

Additionally, in the book of Acts, Jesus affirms the apostles as witnesses to spread the Gospel throughout the world: "But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8). This passage implies that the fulfillment of the commission requires the empowering presence of the Holy Spirit.

0.2  HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

The early Christian community embraced the call to mission, expanding the faith to various regions and cultures. The Apostle Paul is often recognized as a prominent figure in the execution of the commission, as he embarked on multiple missionary journeys to spread the Gospel in Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome. Later, as Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, missionaries and monks ventured further afield, establishing Christian communities as far as Africa, Asia, and Europe.

The Catholic Church played a crucial role in fostering missionary activities, especially through the formation of religious orders dedicated to evangelization. The Jesuits, for instance, notable for their missionary zeal, were instrumental in bringing Christianity to various corners of the globe during the age of discoveries.

0.3.  THE ONGOING MISSION OF THE CHURCH:

The commission to the ends of the earth is not limited to the early apostles or missionaries from centuries past. Rather, it remains an imperative for the Church today. Pope Francis, in his apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium, emphasizes the essential nature of the Church's missionary vocation: "Every Christian is a missionary to the extent that he or she has encountered the love of God in Christ Jesus."(Evangelii Gaudium, 120).

In contemporary society, the call to the ends of the earth extends beyond exclusively geographical boundaries. It also encompasses reaching out to people on the margins, those who are spiritually, emotionally, or physically distant from the love and grace of God. The Church is called to stand in solidarity with the poor, the oppressed, and all those in need, addressing the social, economic, and political factors that hinder their access to the Gospel.

Conclusion

The commission of Jesus Christ is that of service and self-devotion. Saint Luigi Guanella will always say that “the whole world is our homeland” which literally means that we are called to be the salt of the earth in proclaiming the divine word. The proclamation of the word should know no boundary as Jesus commissioned us to. In résumé, we are the custodian of the word and we should always learn to take it to where faith as brought us even if it will cost us our lives, we can happily give the account of mission just as the Martyrs of Rome did during the persecution of Emperor Nero 

THE HOLY SPIRIT | BY OMETA MARCELENIUS M. KOSI.

Introduction 

A week tomorrow we started novena to the Holy Spirit expecting to be renew or revive with it this Sunday being Pentecost Sunday.

We rarely talk about the Holy Spirit or pray to the Holy Spirit unless we are in the Pentecost week like we are now and after Pentecost Sunday no more till next year except some of the priest or charismatic group who devoted themselves to the Holy Spirit. We have votive mass of the Holy Spirit though but our priests rarely says it, I don't know about your parish or priest.

Who is the Holy Spirit?

The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity in Christian theology, along with God the Father and Jesus Christ the Son. He is often referred to as the Comforter, Counselor, Friend or Advocate.

The Person or identity of the Holy Spirit remains mysterious, thereby difficult to understand. In the Bible, many symbols and images are used to describe the Holy Spirit which are as follows: wind, fire, cloud, water, oil, breath and light. All these explains why some think of the Holy Spirit as a powerful influence available for our use at various occasions, or a power we plug into when we are in need or more still, a power we invoke against our enemies. For example, "Holy Ghost...! Fire!" has become a popular slogan used to destroy one's enemies. But the Holy Spirit is not a mere power and not a negative force or weapon to destroy our enemies rather the Holy Spirit enkindle in us the fire of love.

In the Credo we do recite every Sunday in mass we pray, " I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, who has spoken through the prophets " showing that the Holy Spirit has an identity, he is a person like the Father and the Son. Like them He is worshipped and glorified.

Here are some key aspects of the Holy Spirit:

Divine Nature: The Holy Spirit is fully God, sharing the same essence and attributes as the Father and Son.

Roles: He convicts people of sin, regenerates believers, and empowers them to live a godly life. He also guides, teaches, and comforts Christians.

Gifts: The Holy Spirit distributes spiritual gifts to believers, such as speaking in tongues, healing, and prophecy (1 Corinthians 12:4-11).

Fruits: He produces fruit in believers' lives, including love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control, and humility (Galatians 5:22-23).

Baptism: The Holy Spirit baptizes believers into the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:13).

Sealing: He seals believers, guaranteeing their salvation and eternal life (Ephesians 1:13-14).

Intercession: The Holy Spirit intercedes on behalf of believers, praying to the Father (Romans 8:26-27).

Omniscience: The Holy Spirit has complete knowledge and understanding, guiding believers in truth (John 16:13).

Omnipresence: He is present everywhere, convicting and comforting people across the world.

Eternal: The Holy Spirit has always existed and will always exist, being an integral part of the Trinity.

In Christian belief, the Holy Spirit plays a vital role in the life of a believer, enabling them to live a life pleasing to God and empowering them for service and witness.

In conclusion, I will like to end with the summary of Most. Rev. Dr. Valerian Okeke Archbishop of Onitsha on his Pastoral Letter 2022, titled: The Holy Spirit Mans Helper and Friend. "There is no human on earth whose friendship can compare with that of the Holy Spirit. He understands us, He is the Spirit of God who knows and sees every part of us. He is a faithful friend who loves us in spite of our inadequacies. He looks at us in the light of the blood of Jesus. He knows who we are as the redeemed children of God. He therefore defends us as our advocate, gives us his gifts and sustains us with His fruits".

Thank you all for having me here this night.

May the Holy Spirit flourish us with His gifts and sustains us with His fruits in abundance. Amen Blissful night rest brethren.

THE HOLY SPIRIT AND THE SACRAMENTS | BY ANOSIKE PATRICKMARY

 INTRODUCTION 

The Holy Spirit is the Temple of the Church. He is the soul of the Body of Christ of which Jesus is the Head. The Holy Spirit gives life to the Church so it becomes the living Temple of the living God. (C.C.C. # 797)

The Holy Spirit is involved in every step of the development and growth of the universal Church. He is the saving power that builds up the Church. He is faithfully found in the Word, in Baptism, in the sacraments, in the grace of God, in the gifts and in the virtues. Nothing happens in the Church without the direct involvement of the Holy Spirit. (C.C.C. # 798)

The Holy Spirit directs and supports all the affairs of the Church. He is responsible for inspiring the organization of the clergy according to their rank and authority. He blesses each member of the Church with the necessary charismatic gifts to fulfill his function as he has been called by the grace of God to proclaim and establish the Church, the Kingdom of Christ and of God. (C.C.C. # 768)

Through all these functions, the Holy Spirit sanctifies the Church for the glory of Christ so it may be pleasing to the Heavenly Father. (C.C.C. # 747)

The point is that the Holy Spirit gives us the Church and she, in turn, gives us the sacraments. St. Augustine taught us, "what the soul is to man's body, the Holy Spirit is to the Body of Christ, which is the Church. The Holy Spirit does in the whole Church what the soul does in the members of the one body.

"The Spirit came to finish in us, what Christ had finished in Himself, but left unfinished as regards us. To [the Spirit] it is committed to apply to us severally all that Christ had done for us. As a light placed in a room pours out its rays on all sides, so the presence of the Holy Ghost imbues us with life, strength, holiness, love, acceptableness, righteousness." And yet again, he says that Christ shines through His sacraments, "as through transparent bodies, without impediment, . . . effluences of His grace developing themselves in external forms. . . . Once for all He hung upon the cross, and blood and water issued from His pierced side, but by the Spirit's ministration, the blood and water are ever flowing." 

Wind, fire, thunder, and lightning. The Sacred Scriptures are replete with instances of divine Revelation accompanied by these awe-inspiring phenomena in nature. The Book of Genesis tells us that "a mighty wind swept over the waters" (Gen. 1:2) at the dawn of time; in the Book of Exodus, we learn how God gave the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai with thunder and lightning as the communicators of His will and Word (cf. Ex. 19).

But less fearsome signs have also been used by the Almighty as we recall how the gentle breath of God brought Adam to life (cf. Gen. 2:7) and how the breath of Jesus on the apostles gave them the ability to restore to life those who were spiritually dead through sin (cf. Jn. 20:22). All of these events are connected to God's self-manifestation or, even better, His self-communication to the human race and, most especially, to His chosen people.

LET'S LOOK AT HOW THE HOLY SPIRIT ACTS IN EACH OF THE SACRAMENTS 

BAPTISM

we receive the Holy Spirit at baptism and are thereby made adopted sons and daughters of God (Catechism 1265). On the day of Pentecost, the birthday of the Church (CCC 1076), St. Peter tells his fellow Jews to “repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit” (Acts 2:38). Likewise, Paul says elsewhere that baptism is “the washing of regeneration and renewal in the Holy Spirit” (Titus 3:5

CONFIRMATION

In the Sacrament of Confirmation, the baptized person is"sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit" and is strengthened for service to the Body of Christ.Confirmation deepens our baptismal life that calls us to be missionary witnesses of Jesus Christ in our families, neighborhoods, society, and the world. . . . We receive the message of faith in a deeper and more intensive manner with great emphasis given to the person of Jesus Christ, who asked the Father to give the Holy Spirit to the Church for building up the community in loving service.

PENANCE AND ANOINTING OF THE SICK

In the Sacrament of Reconciliation (or Penance), the connection with the Holy Spirit is established through the power of the word of Christ after His Resurrection." He likewise observes that these same post-resurrectional words "can also refer to the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick."

By God's design, it is the priest's vocation to heal wounds, renew strength, and "wash the stains of guilt away." That almost incredible power was given to the apostles and their successors on Easter night, when Our Blessed Lord linked for all time the possession of genuine peace to the forgiveness of sins. Modern man has lost his sense of sin which, of course, explains why he has also lost the key to full and lasting peace. Priests must remind the world that sin exists, not in the fashion of a dreary and depressing Cassandra, but with an attitude of joy and enthusiasm.

The work of absolution is accomplished in Baptism, Penance, and the Anointing of the Sick. This paves the way for any other sacramental encounters which increase the divine life within. Once the roadblock of sin is removed, then the process of divinization can begin and only then.

MARRIAGE

Regarding Holy Matrimony, Pope John Paul observes:

"This sacrament is the human participation in that divine love which has been 'poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit' (Rom. 5:5). According to St. Augustine, the Third Person of the Blessed Trinity in God is the 'consubstantial communion' [communio consubstantialis] of the Father and the Son. Through the Sacrament of Matrimony, the Spirit forms 'communion of persons' between a man and woman." 

EUCHARIST

The Pentecost observed by the apostolic community was a major feast of covenant renewal, that act of God which made Israel His chosen people. Each time the Church gathers to celebrate the Eucharistic sacrifice, she engages in a similar ceremony of covenant renewal, and the same Spirit which hovered over the waters of the abyss bringing creation from chaos, the same Spirit which hovered over the Blessed Virgin Mary making her the Mother of the Messiah that same Spirit hovers over the elements of bread and wine, transforming them into the Lord's Body and Blood which saved the world 2000 years ago and makes present that invitation to salvation day in and day out, until He "comes in glory."

Hence, it is possible to say that every time the sacrifice of Calvary is sacramentally renewed, a little Pentecost occurs.

"Christian Tradition is aware of this bond between the Eucharist and the Holy Spirit which was expressed, and still is today, during the Mass when, in the epiclesis the Church requests the sanctification of the gifts offered upon the altar. . . . The Church emphasizes the mysterious power of the Holy Spirit for the completion of the Eucharistic consecration, for the sacramental transformation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ, and for the communication of grace to those who participate in it and to the entire Christian community

HOLY ODERS

By the plan of Providence, it is the priest who imparts, through Word and Sacrament, this "divine sense of human life." Priests, by the mysterious workings of grace, are called to "shed a ray of light divine." It is particular privilege to be "the Father of the poor," not merely to those economically disadvantaged but even more to those who are spiritually malnourished and who cry out for the food of the truth of Christ.

By standing at the altar and saying the awesome words of Christ at the Last Supper, Priests give the Lord's people access to "sweet refreshment here below," which is a foretaste of the "rest most sweet; grateful coolness in the heat; solace in the midst of woe," all of which anticipates the glory of the liturgy of heaven. It is Priestly responsibility to teach all who would listen that where God's Holy Spirit is not present, "man has nothing good in deed or thought, nothing free from taint of ill."

As we gain a deeper appreciation of the Church's sacramental life, we discover in all these encounters the gentle but powerful presence of the Holy Spirit. Newman had it exactly right when he referred to the sacraments as "the embodied forms of the Spirit of Christ," which "persuade" by their "tenderness and mysteriousness." 

CONCLUSION 

This is why Pope John Paul can urge what he calls "a sacramental practice which is ever more consciously docile and faithful to the Holy Spirit who, especially through the 'means of salvation instituted by Jesus Christ,' brings to fulfillment the mission entrusted to the Church to work for universal redemption." 

St. Basil said it best when he wrote: "Creatures do not have any gift on their own; all good comes from the Holy Spirit."

Permit me to conclude, then, with the beautiful prayer of the Byzantine liturgy of Pentecost which, I believe, sums up the goal of this presentation:

Heavenly King, Consoler, Spirit of Truth, present in all places and filling all things, Treasury of Blessings and Giver of Life: Come and dwell in us, cleanse us of all stain, and save our souls, O Good One! Amen

We have come to the en

d of today's reflection. Good night ❤️

The Church as the Body of Christ by Onuoha Simon Gerard, SC

Introduction 

In the New Testament, the Apostle Paul referred to the church as the body of Christ. He used this metaphor to relay significant truths about the church and to help believers better understand the value of diversity within the church.

Paul wrote this to the church of Corinth: “Just as a body, though one, has many parts, but all its many parts form one body, so it is with Christ. For we were all baptized by one Spirit so as to form one body—whether Jews or Gentiles, slave or free—and we were all given the one Spirit to drink. Even so the body is not made up of one part but of many”

The church is called the body of Christ because Christ is the head of the church and we are called to do the work of Christ, each like members of a body. We have different skills, purposes, and spiritual gifts, yet every believer is equally important to the full functioning, mission, and efficacy of the church.l

1.0 Christ as the head of the church.

All parts of the body are very important and when one part suffers, other parts suffers as well, but in this equality, we have the head which happens to be above other parts, the head contains the eyes, which helps us to see, and God being the head of the church sees all things and ever ready to speak to us through his prophets. The head happens to be the brain box that sends signal to every other part of the body in communication of what the body desire at a particular moment.

 Christ being the head of the church, has delegated his powers as the head of the body, the church to the clergy and we the members of this same body are ought to follow the direction of the head delegated to us. When we obey those placed over us, it is important to note that we obey Christ himself.  

2.0 unity of the body 

When we talk about the unity in Christ we talk as well the two keys of unity which is ; humility. Phillipian 2

3.0 disunity among Christians 

There is one body,” (Eph. 4:4) Imagine one head, but two bodies. Two bodies who disagree over the direction the head is revealing to go and in which way it is leading them. One body pulling south and the other body pulling north. The result is embarrassing. Counterproductive. Pointless. Directionless. Such is the church who is divided. The Head (Jesus Christ – see 1:22) reveals direction through the hierarchy of leadership He has called into position. When parts of the body refuse to follow the revealed direction of the Head, the result is always catastrophic.

4.0 Do not give the devil the opportunity to destroy the body of Christ 

As we pursue unity, there are many things that will labor against that pursuit. Satan is the accuser of the brethren, he sows discord, and does all that he can to make sure that churches divide because a divided kingdom cannot stand (Matt. 12:25-26). So when we see the seeds of division starting to appear, we need to see this as a spiritual warfare issue. We do not fight each other, our battle is against Satan and his forces (Eph. 6:12). In light of that, we need to be sober-minded and alert, ready to see the ways in which he may seek to destroy the unity we are called to experience and display.

First, Satan uses distraction. He distracts us with the busyness of life so that we miss opportunities to love and support the body. Second, he uses deception. Satan will lie to us, planting evil thoughts in our heads about others, about the church, and even God. Third, he uses derision. Satan will condemn us, reminding us of our sin and making us discouraged so that we don’t serve others and get involved in the life of the church. Finally, he uses division. Satan will tempt us to idolize our own preferences (styles of worship, models of ministry, ways to evangelize, how often to do the Lord’s supper, etc.). It is crazy how small things like carpet colors have divided churches. These things kill churches and bring shame on the name of Christ.

This is why humility, love, service, and prayer are so often paired with calls to unity. If we are going to be a faithful display of God’s glory in the world, we need to pursue unity. There is great joy available for us in unity and great dangers in the lack of it. May we humbly, prayerfully, and resiliently fight for unity together and so picture the spiritual unity we already have secured for us. For the glory of Christ alone.

5.0 The beauty of oneness. 

Oneness provides ways to imagine and achieve a more expansive conception of the self as fundamentally connected with other people, creatures, and things. Such views present profound challenges to Western hyper individualism and its excessive concern with self-interest and tendency toward self-centered behavior.

THE ELUSIVE GOD: DIVINE HIDDENNESS BY GERALD NWOGUEZE, OFM CAP

INTRODUCTION 

If there is God who is all powerful, infinite in all perfection, kind and compassionate, loving, gracious and merciful, where is he when good people suffer? Where is he when innocent children in the hospital go through terrible condition, why pray if God is hidden or would not rescue those raped and maimed in war? Why is God selective to whom to help and appear to? This question is as old as man and is still relevant today. Great philosophers and theologians have attempted a solution to the problem of evil. For Aquinas, evil exists as per accidence and not per se, because it is a privation of good. Also, according to Richard Swinburn theory of evil, evil can be justified by showing that all known cases of evil eventually serve greater purposes, even though those purposes are not always immediately apparent. Also, that evil exist, does not negate or rule out the existence of God. If God should be responsible for the evil in the world, he says that certain conditions must be met.  First, that it must be logically impossible for God to achieve a particular good without allowing the corresponding evil; second, God must indeed brig about the intended good; third, God must have moral right to allow the evil to occur and fourth the expected benefit of allowing the evil must outweigh the harm it causes. Thus, the benefit derived from suffering and adversity, including the opportunity for moral growth and formation of virtuous character, justifies God’s allowance of evil in the world.

It is the aim of this reflection to look into the concept of divine hiddenness and the Easter reality. It would begin by looking at misguided conception about God, the elusive God argument and way forward connecting the dots as it affects our Christian lives today.

THE TALKS ABOUT GOD

God is many things to many people and it is because of this that some bear misguided expectations about God. To Aristotle, as set out in his physics (VII) and Metaphysics (XII), God is the source of change and final cause of all motion, the pure act and the unmoved mover. Aristotle’s God is outside the universe and unaffected by it. Thus, from this comes the idea of the divine hiddenness argument. Consequently, Aristotle’s God was criticized of being cold and inhumane, being emotionally disconnected with the universe and thus, quite different from the Christian belief about God. However, it is from his doctrine that the logical conclusion on God’s perfection is based.   The notion of God as an All-powerful being in reality who is worthy of worship, utmost devotion is the notion borne even by atheist, regardless of where this exalted notion of the monotheism may fall under. However, Paul Moser proposes that the candidate who merit being ‘God,’ worthy of trust, devotion and worship, must be on moral grounds. This excludes candidates who are powerful, big-bullies, fostering evil and ready to destroy in order to get their way. God is not going to be mistaken expectation. The right expectation according to him is in the same regard of moral standing, it involves to give morally impeccable life, worth living and without coercion. This is because coercion goes against God’s purpose of establishing humans who are agents and candidates of genuine filial relationship, he offers deliverance from what obstructs moral life. If God is able to do this deliverance, there is every need for us to volitionally cooperate the rescuing power he offers. Furthermore, he notes that perhaps the enquirers about God limit their scope to world-bound, far from the morally perfect character, to success and riches. Hence, they seek for evidence in their own terms, instead of the terms of that whom they seek. 

 THE ELUSIVE GOD 

John Schellenberg argues that the hiddenness or inconclusive evidence for God is the evidence that God does not exist. Nietzsche  argues that God keeps his intentions hidden and even when he reveals himself, he remains mysterious. Also, the problem from evil suggests hiddenness as there are certain things one wouldn’t expect from the benevolent God because those things are bad. More so, both Pascal and Kierkegaard seek to infer that God’s hiddenness confirms the skeptic’s rejection of human reason as a proper source of knowledge of God. We shall look at two senses in the doctrine of hiddenness; the positive and negative. In the positive sense, it rests on God to choose who to disclose himself to, where and when he chooses, he might as well disclose himself in nature. However, whichever way or medium he chooses, he still remains transcendent and mysterious. In the negative sense, God might also choose to conceal himself, even though he is loving and compassionate, in the face of evil, pride and corruption. From these we shall get the take of Pascal and Kierkegaard. To pascal, the signs of God are there but man due to corruption are unable to grasp it, and to Kierkegaard, there is no sign of God and that the even in the eyes of faith, God’s revelation makes no sense   

Nonetheless, the elusiveness of God according to Paul Moser goes that God will not be made known to mere spectators and inquirers, but instead, it challenges the will of humans to cooperate fully and freely with God’s perfect will, which results in God seeking what is morally right and best for human and human being personified evidence for God, having been transformed. By implication, he tries to stress the significance of God’s elusiveness in ‘personifying or volitional evidence for God’. Furthermore, this contends with the problem of hiddenness, God being elusive, He reveals himself to whomever He wills. Moreover, this makes a shift from the question, ‘do I know that God exist,’ to ‘am I willing to be known by God and submit his will and be transformed?’ The first implication is the defense that skeptics overlooked the evidence that suits the purpose of God. Second is the fact that it makes philosophy shift from discussion mood to obedience mood, it also gives theism a fear hearing in disclosing human predicament of selfishness and death. Third is that it discloses the elusiveness of God different from hiddenness as put forward by atheists, finally, the epistemological shift to the benefit of overcoming selfishness and death, because of the transformation formed by submitting on God’s terms. 

CONNECTING THE DOTS 

Easter is a season of hope, of joy and of peace. Before now, it seemed God was weak to have died on the cross, that He was foolish or stupid to not have defended himself or taken revenge. His love in the eyes of men seemed senseless and naive but Easter proved all these wrong. God is not dead, nor weak, He is alive and death has no power over anymore over him nor over us by extension. It all makes sense now. Suffering is a mystery that would eventually make sense to us. God was with his son all along, letting him to take the lead, comng in at designated time that suits his will, to relieve him of pain in the hands of Simon of Cyrene, Veronica, Mother Mary, etc. There was no ojoro in this. Teachers set tests after lecturers, to satisfy and justify the requirements for their certificate of graduation. Everything is tested by its kind, gold by fire, man by suffering and what matters is not the suffering and crosses but our response to them whatever be our lot. God had to allow his son to go through some shit to correct the shit of Adam, through obedience learnt through suffering. Nothing escapes God’s knowledge and consent. By his permissive will, he painfully allows us to experience that dark side, that shit of whatever sought. His justice is that every debt be paid in full and his mercy is that he intervened in a time in history once and for all, so that we are not pushed to suffer beyond our capacities.  So if he let you suffer, his grace is sufficient; both the operative grace and cooperative grace. 

CONCLUSION 

Why looking for Jesus, he is alive and have always affirmed this in his appearances after his resurrection. He appeared to Mary Magdalene, to Simon and the apostles and each time he did, he announces: peace be with you (John 20:21), I am with you always even unto the end of the world (Mat 28:20). Do not be afraid [I am aware of that situation] (Matt 28:10) I did not come to  remove your sufferings, or provide bread that will last just for the moment. I have come to fill your suffering with my presence, to give you life to the fullest. So to the question is God still with us, may I dare to rephrase, are you still with God even in the face of tribulation or is your God the God only of good times, of rain and not of sun, of joy and not of pain? Are you with him only when he answered that prayer, when you got admission, passed exam, won that scholarship, got engaged, got married, etc. Perhaps you are among those who think that God should do what you want the way you want and nothing else, no space for his will to be done? Are you the type that believe you deserve everything good as reward for serving God, no mosquito bite, no malarial, no accident, no loss, no car failure, no phone spoilage, no headache? But that not God’s way, his way are  not as mens. Whatever good you receive it is not because you deserve it a reward, your prayers and praises adds nothing to his greatness. He let rain fall on both good and bad, so also sunshine. Even the people of Isreal his elect did not always enjoy his providential presence and protection. He also created the gentiles and willed that after the mission of his son they too would be his elect and to the ends of the earth. 

Perhaps also, you would be thinking that I sound like this because life have not hit me hard as it did you, and maybe that when it does, this sermon would make a lot of meaning differently to me. Yes, you may be right. It is very easy to counsel others of God’s presence and care when its the other story but think of it, I may be God’s presence that you don’t see and He may also let me see with time and through others the answers that I seek.

REFERENCES

https://sites.uni/boedeker/reference.pdf

John Bishop, a review of Paul Moser, “The Elusive God: Reorienting Religious Epistemology”, Cambridge University Press.  Vol. 45, No. 4 (Dec. 2009): pp. 504-509.

Moser K. P. ”Gethsemane Epistemology: Volitional and Evidential.” Phiolosophia Christi. Vol. 14, No. 2 ( January, 2012.) 264-266 

Penelhum, T. 1983. God and Skepticism: A Study in Skepticism and Fideism. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company. 106-109

Sfekas, S. “Aristotle’s Concept of God.”  New York Open Centre and Lapi’s Magazine Online. (September, 2008) https://researchgate.net/publication/281283580 Accessed 20th of April, 2024. 

Shellenberg, J.L, 2012. The Hiddenness Argument: Philosophy’s New Challenge to Belief in God. United Kingdom: Oxford Unversity Press. 25

Swinburne, R. 1994. Arguments for the Existence of God, in Miltown Studies, Vol. 33, p. 63